Fundamentals of chemistry important definitions
Fundamentals of Chemistry: Important Definitions
Chemistry is the scientific study of matter, its composition, structure, properties, and reactions. Understanding fundamental chemistry definitions is essential for students and researchers. This guide provides key definitions along with a free PDF download for easy reference.
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Download PDF1. Matter
Anything that has mass and occupies space. It exists in solid, liquid, and gas states.
2. Atom
The smallest unit of an element, consisting of protons, neutrons, and electrons.
3. Element
A pure substance composed of only one type of atom. Examples: Hydrogen (H), Oxygen (O).
4. Compound
A substance composed of two or more elements chemically bonded together. Example: H₂O.
5. Molecule
A group of atoms chemically bonded together. Example: O₂.
6. Mixture
A combination of two or more substances that are not chemically bonded.
7. Ion
A charged particle formed when an atom gains or loses electrons.
8. Chemical Bond
The force that holds atoms together in a molecule. Types: Ionic, Covalent, Metallic.
9. Chemical Reaction
A process where reactants transform into new products.
10. Acids and Bases
Acids release H⁺ ions, bases release OH⁻ ions. Example: HCl (acid), NaOH (base).
11. pH Scale
A scale (0-14) measuring acidity or alkalinity.
12. Law of Conservation of Mass
Mass is neither created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction.
13. Molarity
A measure of solution concentration: M = moles of solute / liters of solution.
14. Avogadro’s Number
6.022 × 10²³ represents the number of atoms/molecules in one mole.
15. Periodic Table
A chart arranging elements by atomic number and properties.
16. Isotope
Atoms of the same element with different numbers of neutrons.
17. Valency
The combining capacity of an element in chemical reactions.
18. Catalyst
A substance that speeds up a reaction without being consumed.
19. Oxidation & Reduction
Oxidation: Loss of electrons. Reduction: Gain of electrons.
20. Organic vs. Inorganic Chemistry
Organic chemistry studies carbon-based compounds, while inorganic chemistry focuses on non-carbon compounds.
Why is Chemistry Important?
Chemistry is vital in daily life, industry, medicine, and environmental science.
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